19 Items: burn • AREA • palm • WATER • DEGREE • DEGREE • DEGREE • measure • thermal • blister • OF NINES • chemical • epidermis • THICKNESS • THICKNESS • radiation • electrical • percentage • superficial

22 Items: peru • italy • chile • germay • argentina • Pride in ones country • Commanded the Red Shirts • "Brains" of Italian Unification • country named after Simon Bolivar • Liberated: Argentina, Chile & Peru • colonizer country of Latin America • Region colonized by Spain and Portugal • Italy and Germany were created through • Using war or military force to unit Germany • ...

30 Items: City they met in • Brady's Best Man • Meghan's home state • First Date location • Mother of the Groom • Mother of the Bride • Couple's dog's name • Couple's cat's name • Brady's middle name • Month Brady proposed • Meghan's middle name • Brady's college town • Where Brady proposed • Honeymoon destination • Dating app they met on • Brady's birthday month • Favorite movie theatre • ...

20 Items: new • rule • cash • crops • crops • power • global • changes • culture • economy • European • resisted • cultural • imperial • education • influences • imperialist • traditional • nationalist • industrialized

19 Items: taxes • treaty • Senate • Congress • judicial • TheHouse • Justices • diplomacy • President • executive • USCapitol • federalism • WhiteHouse • legislative • SupremeCourt • UnitedNations • Cabinetmembers • Representatives • internationallaws

19 Items: gas • rust • burn • mass • dull • color • solid • luster • liquid • volume • density • texture • brittle • hardness • reactive • magnetic • malleable • appearance • conductive

19 Items: dore • Ratte • Laura • salad • gunda • Bintje • melody • tajfun • parelm • remarka • Kennebec • Vitelotte • Yukon-Gold • Kerrs-pink • King-Edward • duke-of-york • russet-burbank • solanum-tuberosum • opperdoezer-ronde

19 Items: teah • ally • anna • ashia • molly • kylee • laura • brooke • kaylee • carley • jasmyn • lindee • kamryn • payton • jessica • rebekah • courtney • annalise • katherine

19 Items: Lux • Zed • Ahri • Jinx • Jhin • Ashe • Yasuo • Teemo • Garen • Riven • Akali • Ezreal • Thresh • Aatrox • Soraka • Darius • LeeSin • Katarina • Fiddlesticks

9 Items: "Risalat" • "Tasbeeh" • "Shaytaan" • "Creation" • Our Guidebook • Islamic Doctrine • 3rd Pillar of Islam • Hands And Feet Will Testify • Examples Of The Aad and Thamud

26 Items: of • Oz • FDR • the • Soup • Gone • with • wind • King • Kong • Poor • Dust • Bowl • Stock • Great • Black • Capone • Wizard • Market • Farmer • Tuesday • Shirley • Temples • Monopoly • Depression • Hooverville

25 Items: of • raw • New • the • Tsavo • Wealth • Medical • Military • Imperial • transfer • Retarded • materials • conflicts • Investment • Man-eaters • superiority • competition • development • improvements • advancements • opportunities • Philosophical • justification • Transportation • Interdependence

25 Items: of • Raw • New • the • Tsavo • Wealth • Medical • Military • Imperial • transfer • materials • conflicts • Restarted • Investment • Man-eaters • superiority • competition • development • improvements • advancements • opportunities • Philosophical • justification • Transportation • Interdependence

26 Items: is • of • tip • cost • part • whole • markup • divide • expense • percent • retailer • markdown • multiply • discount • salestax • netincome • grossincome • sellingprice • crossmultiply • amountofchange • originalamount • percentequation • percentofchange • inverseoperation • onehundredpercent • proportionequation

23 Items: of • in • ugly • pale • ghost • alien • think • giant • magic • alone • awful • wicked • scared • mystery • curious • monster • strange • through • careful • imagine • horrible • dangerous • frightened

20 Items: Notice • Hearsay • Witness • Witness • Evidence • of Proof • Relevance • Objection • Testimony • Privilege • Foundation • Examination • Impeachment • Materiality • Exclusionary • Inadmissible • Admissibility • Preponderance • Authentication • Cross-Examination

10 Items: phase • equilibrium • Key Feature 1 • Key Feature 2 • Key Feature 3 • Key Feature 4 • Key Feature 5 • Key Feature 6 • Type of Wave 1 • Type of Wave 2

12 Items: globe • colony • import • tactic • Indians • Passage • artifact • industry • patriots • migration • jamestown • of exploration

12 Items: globe • colony • import • tactic • Indians • Passage • artifact • industry • patriots • migration • jamestown • of exploration

12 Items: globe • colony • import • tactic • Indians • Passage • artifact • industry • patriots • migration • jamestown • of exploration

18 Items: Egg • Jazz • Flat fish • Shake a cow • Lot of keys • It's a Triangle • The BEST cookie • A Cheesy delight! • The Hardest Math Class • A great breakfast food • A two fish constellation • Great for making pottery • An evolved form of shears • Big disk that hit with hammer • Stupidly hard to spell instrument • An american-version of buttercream • Another Stupidly hard to spell instrument • ...

19 Items: fish • holy • soup • wine • kugel • seven • family • parsha • candles • challah • chicken • cholent • OF REST • kiddush • shabbos • havdalah • spiritual • FROM HASHEM • NINE MELACHOS

28 Items: Dovid's 1st born son (2) • Avner held this position • This many people never sinned • Yoav sent these to Avner (26) • Dovid refused to do this (35) • Avner killed his brother, Asahel • Yoav stabbed Avner in the __ rib • How many ways did Dovid curse Yoav? • Dovid walked behind Avner's __ (31) • Son of Shaul; supported by Avner (6) • Which tribe did Avner speak to? (20) • ...

15 Items: academy 386 BCE: Plato establishes this school. • 776 BCE: The first of these takes place to honor Zeus. • 431 BCE: These wars, between Athens and Sparta, begin. • 432 BCE: This temple to the goddess Athena was completed. • 323 BCE: This period begins after the death of Alexander the Great. • 490 BCE: The Greeks battle this Middle Eastern group for independence. • ...

15 Items: 386 BCE: Plato establishes this school. • 776 BCE: The first of these takes place to honor Zeus. • 431 BCE: These wars, between Athens and Sparta, begin. • 432 BCE: This temple to the goddess Athena was completed. • 323 BCE: This period begins after the death of Alexander the Great. • 490 BCE: The Greeks battle this Middle Eastern group for independence. • ...

19 Items: ten • jury • bail • fair • Bill • press • fifth • trial • speech • weapon • states • rights • speedy • freedom • warrant • torture • religion • protection • government

19 Items: Polls • System • Powers • Branch • Global • Voting • Senate • Rights • Federal • Citizen • Judicial • Congress • Executive • Separation • Parliament • Legislative • Citizenship • Representatives • Responsibilities

19 Items: DarkAges • MiddleAges • RobertKoch • Hippocrates • Renaissance • ClaraBarton • AncientTimes • Michelangelo • Apothecaries • EdwardJenner • JosephLister • LouisPasteur • WilliamHarvey • LeonardoDaVinci • BenjaminFranklin • GabrielFahrenheit • ElizabethBlackwell • AntonVanLeeuwenhoek • FloranceNightingale

19 Items: Spy • Town • Role • Hung • Mafia • Witch • Coven • Claim • Jailor • Jester • Doctor • Medium • Mafioso • Sherrif • Lookout • Arsonist • Attacked • Investigator • SerialKiller

19 Items: lina • orly • boat • ember • poppy • clary • murdo • mayor • nammy • river • looper • lizzie • vindie • granny • fleery • candle • lights • pipeworks • messenger

19 Items: red • sea • Gulf • Jess • Texas • Hotub • Mexico • Alonso • snapper • turtles • Alabama • Florida • current • Jeffrey • Despair • founder • Alwarez • Louisiana • Mississippi

19 Items: frog • swan • birds • whale • snake • shark • eagle • fishes • lizard • pigeon • mammals • dolphin • piranha • reptiles • capybara • seahorse • crocodile • amphibians • salamander

19 Items: cain • elena • grave • erilea • nehemia • adarlan • kaltain • damaris • noxowen • assassin • endovier • ridderak • wyrdmarks • arobynnhamel • chaolwestfall • kingschampion • dukeperrington • dorianhavilliard • celaenasardothien

20 Items: PCP • COB • PPO • HMO • TPL • EOB • BASIC • OHIAA • OHIPD • OHIAA • TRICARE • MEDICAID • MEDICARE • CLAIMFORM • INSURANCE • CAPITATION • PREFERREDPROVIDER • PROVIDERREMITTANCE • WORKERSCOMPENSATION • SUPPLEMENTALINSURANCE

16 Items: Code • army • trait • empire • of law • import • export • colony • tribute • irrigate • alphabet • ziggurats • cuneiform • diffusion • city-state • polytheism

15 Items: senate • monarch • cabinet • minister • democracy • democracy • judiciary • executive • parliament • federation • referendum • constitution • commonwealth • governor-general • of Representatives

15 Items: Road • City • Rose • June • Gareth • Cyprus • Cruise • Rebecca • Anthony • and Dip • Bramble • Guinness • September • Newcastle • of Bradgate

28 Items: of • of • wand • Death • eater • magic • alley • manor • Black • Dobby • winky • diagon • Malfoy • malfoy • Potter • Wesley • crouch • chamber • Azkaban • Prewitt • ministry • seacrets • Hogwarts • Hogsmede • slughorn • Kreature • Lestrange • Greengrass

22 Items: et • jaws • psycho • matrix • vertigo • titanic • Godfather • casablanca • citizenkane • pulpfiction • forrestgump • spaceodyssey • jurassicpark • of the Lambs • thewizardofoz • schindlerslist • gonewiththewind • singinintherain • sunsetboulevard • lawrenceofarabia • breakfastattiffanys • shawshankredemption

20 Items: Ear • Mane • morel • enoki • oyster • reishi • porcini • cremini • Trumpet • lobster • maitake • truffle • shiitake • hedgehog • shiimeji • puffball • matsutake • portobello • chanterelle • of the Woods

8 Items: pull • disc • catch • pivot • defense • turnover • receiving • in-of-bounds

11 Items: The unit of pressure. ________________ • How much matter is in an object.______________ • How much space an object takes up._____________ • As altitude increases, air pressure __________. • The strength of a force is called its _________. • Pressure equals force divided by ________________ • Caused when a force acts on an area. ______________ • ...

15 Items: only one type of atom • used to separate solids and liquids • name for water that is safe to drink • used to seperate solutes from the liquid • used to separate smaller particles from water • two or more substances not chemically combined • molecule made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms • large particles settling to the bottom of water • ...

10 Items: - to examine or inspect closely and thoroughly. Verb. • - continuing or following without interruption. Adjective • - the owner of a business, or holder of a property. Noun. • - to walk in a slow, relaxed manner, without hurry or effort. Verb. • - showing great attention to detail or correct behavior. Adjective. • ...

20 Items: Torah • Seder • Rabbi • Hesed • Torah • Kippah • Kosher • Tallit • Kippur • Sukkot • Shabbat • Mitzvah • Menorah • Mitzvah • Mitzvah • Kaddish • Chanukah • Tefillin • of David • Hashanah

10 Items: clay • sunny • fathom • Scarlet • skywing • of Evil • albatross • clearsight • Darkstalker • quicksilver

10 Items: clay • sunny • fathom • Scarlet • skywing • of Evil • albatross • clearsight • Darkstalker • quicksilver

35 Items: luke • john • muscle • sprint • fitness • warm-up • stadium • workout • athlete • handball • muscular • olympics • exercise • equipment • treadmill • gymnasium • stopwatch • gymnastics • racquetball • perspiration • coordination • calisthenics • cross-country • weighttraining • stationarybike • a long race or contest • having to do with the heart and blood vessels • the power to stand something without giving out • ...

20 Items: to be given • a reverse movement • not alined proplely • an expert in scients • to be full of glamour • a person who fixs teeth • to be scade of something • a rainforest in queansland • to let someone do something • before what has just happend • a animal that lives in africa • a animal that lives in the sea • fuels a fuel made out of fossils • to see something that is obviose • ...

6 Items: he • it • of • we • oh • his

54 Items: fun • zoo • reid • korn • pool • june • july • ocean • palms • fitch • games • beach • sunny • school • mccall • blaich • frecks • summer • diving • picnic • family • tennis • soccer • school • daniels • playing • reading • sunburn • cookout • camping • weather • friends • flowers • fishing • sailing • outside • library • boating • rafting • surfing • dancing • sunshine • vacation • swimming • baseball • softball • memories • traveling • flipflops • elementary • sunglasses • gymnastics • butterflies • ...

54 Items: six • may • gum • art • doty • wren • iowa • army • july • nine • mule • tyler • ethan • paige • track • april • tacos • river • woods • corell • millie • family • denver • soccer • thirty • coffee • guitar • lindsey • daycare • october • popcorn • chillax • cyclones • football • baseball • softball • november • nineteen • fourteen • phaseten • rummikub • drpepper • twentytwo • gamenight • cocomelon • handywork • volleyball • fivecrowns • movienight • videogames • twentythree • blueberries • ...

15 Items: FRISCO • BLIGHTY • SINCITY • BEANTOWN • WINDYCITY • EMPIRECITY • TINSELTOWN • QUAKERCITY • LANDOFCAKES • LANDOFMARBLE • LANDOFLILIES • CHOCOLATECITY • LANDOFKANGAROO • ROOFOFTHEWORLD • PORTOFFIVESEAS

10 Items: Counted among the most dangerous of all animals (Isaiah 11:8) • The practice of this is condemned in the Bible (Deuteronomy 18:10) • Malchus lost one when Peter struck him with his sword (John 18:10) • The greatest one of all human history takes place at Har–Magedon (Revelation 16:14, 16) • ...

7 Items: abels mum • big blue fish • guy resting under the tree • main character of the movie • the main character of the book • the main antagonist of the book • the guy that gave abel his boat

8 Items: Religion vs. Evolution • Illegal traffic in liquor • Women in the 1920s who wore skirts • Contributed to the understanding of evolution • Cultural revival of african-american music and art • American Gangster who was famous during the Prohibition • transportation production and consumtion of alcohol now legal • ...

17 Items: hat • drop • time • year • square • tuxedo • dancing • holiday • midnight • sparkler • celebrate • champagne • countdown • gathering • noisemaker • resolution • of midnight

12 Items: globe • colony • import • tactic • Indians • Passage • artifact • industry • patriots • migration • jamestown • of exploration

12 Items: globe • colony • import • tactic • Indians • Passage • artifact • industry • patriots • migration • jamestown • of exploration

12 Items: globe • colony • import • tactic • Indians • Passage • artifact • industry • patriots • migration • jamestown • of exploration

25 Items: of • raw • new • the • Tsavo • wealth • medical • military • imperial • transfer • retarded • materials • conflicts • investment • man-eaters • superiority • competition • development • improvements • advancements • philosifical • opportunities • justification • transportation • interdependence

24 Items: love • cake • leon • jack • bible • rings • conor • church • ushers • family • wedding • bestman • sydwell • hopkins • friends • husband • marriage • marriage • newlyweds • happiness • of honour • flowergirl • ringbearer • bridesmaids

14 Items: three-headed dog of Hades • The earlier version of RADIUS • Kerberos term for the client/user • Private Key scheme which uses a 56-bit key • The gibberish produce by encrypting a message • The type of encryption also known as public key • The type of encryption also known as private key • Public key scheme used in to protect web traffic • ...

30 Items: OF • NIV • OLD • NEW • JOHN • POPE • HOLY • WRIT • KING • LATIN • ROMAN • BIBLE • PRESS • GREEK • ISLES • BIBLE • CHURCH • JEROME • HEBREW • TYNDALE • VULGATE • BRITISH • ENGLISH • ENGLISH • ENGLAND • WYCLIFFE • PRINTING • LANGUAGE • TESTAMENT • TESTAMENT

30 Items: OF • NIV • OLD • NEW • JOHN • POPE • HOLY • WRIT • KING • ROMAN • BIBLE • PRESS • LATIN • GREEK • ISLES • BIBLE • CHURCH • JEROME • HEBREW • ENGLISH • TYNDALE • VULGATE • BRITISH • ENGLISH • ENGLAND • WYCLIFFE • PRINTING • LANGUAGE • TESTAMENT • TESTAMENT

7 Items: Perspective-Noun; Point of view • Notable-Adjective; Worthy of attention • Toxic-Adjective; Poisonous; destructive • Balderdash-Noun; Senseless talk or writing • Contradict-Verb; Asserting the opposite of the truth • Dialogue-Noun; A conversation between two or more people • Consequence-Noun; A result or effect of an action or condition

16 Items: Box • Bold • Italic • FontSize • FontStyle • LeftAlign • TextColour • CenterAlign • InsertShape • InsertTable • BulletedList • IncreaseIndent • DecreaseIndent • Backgroundcolour • Paragraph Spacing • of Document Goes Here

12 Items: open to view • to copy exactly • to do make happen • the cause of ruin • to pull out or remove • to hide or keep secret • to annoy or make angry • having a sharpened edge • very great or very large • to show a burst of energy • a person not in a military • the amount of space that can be filled

14 Items: postively charged • neutrally charged • negatively charged • Atomic symbol is H • potential energy stored • an object that attracts iron • change from a liquid to gas state • element usually deep yellow seen as valuable • process by which sound waves travel through a medium • electric potential energy between two places ona circut • ...

6 Items: to think deeply about something • a tall mountain with a pointed or narrow top • a high, steep surface of rock, earth, or ice • a very large mass of ice that moves very slowly • a state of having a lot of knowledge and wisdom • the spiritual, mental and emotional part of humans

11 Items: the study of zodiac • the study of the universe • somthing that creats light • a person how works in space • somthing that reflects light • a consellation know a ursa major • a consellation kown as ursa minor • a bunch of stars creating a picture • a ball of ice and dust that orbits the sun • a day twice a when the suns exaty abobe the eqator • ...

6 Items: the energy for heat • another word for heat • the rising and falling of thermal energy • transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves • the direct transfer of heat through atoms moving • the unit of degrees that measure the degrees in something

13 Items: the zone between high and low tide • we ____ through the two tidal bulges • term for when celestial bodies line up • gravitation of this is main cause of the tides • the changing water levels experienced on earth • the tide pattern when the sun earth moon are in syzygy • the tide pattern when the sun moon and earth are at right angles • ...

10 Items: bank • below • market • centre • behind • beside • station • library • opposite • front of

10 Items: hair • near • curly • clean • light • lot of • either • the net • parents • sometimes

15 Items: Many slain in battle will end up here. • The Nine Realms all cling to this ash tree. • The day Tuesday is named after this Norse God. • After the Ragnarok cataclysm, these two re-populated the world. • This monstrous wolf and problem for the gods is somehow Loki's offspring. • We know so much about Norse Mythology because of the writings of this man. • ...

9 Items: "Risalat" • "Tasbeeh" • "Shaytaan" • "Creation" • Our Guidebook • Islamic Doctrine • 3rd Pillar of Islam • Hands And Feet Will Testify • Examples Of The Aad and Thamud

14 Items: Wide, flat area • Liquid, molten rock • Mound or ridge of sand • Deep crack in the Earth's crust • Sudden movement of Earth's crust. • A deep valley with high, steep sides • A physical feature on Earth's surface • Land that rises high above the ground • Mass of land that forms at the mouth of a river • Opening in Earth's crust where magma can rise up • ...

18 Items: to have ambition • to rejoice greatly • to make more noticeable • very strange or unusual • an official ban on trade • repetition of the same sounds • noisy, energetic, and cheerful • a comparison between two things • a curve in the shape of an oval • the scientific study of language • to deceive by elaborate trickery • a mistaken belief; a false notion • ...

18 Items: study of space • a pattern of stars • a small icey object • looks like a big bear • also known as ursa major • also known as ursa minor • a galaxy that we live in • looks like a little bear • the study of constalations • someone who gos in to space • a rock that tuches the grownd • a rock is in earths atmosphere • a huge object that has a orbit • the same size a a dust particle • ...

12 Items: give • baby • cold • thank • angel • joyous • present • or nice • nativity • of Peace • ornaments • the turkey

10 Items: A purplish-red color. • A deep, rich red color. • A vivid purplish-red color • A deep orange-yellow color. • A deep and rich blue-purple color. • A deep yellow or orange-brown color. • A deep blue color like that of a clear sky. • A yellow-green color like that of unripe fruit. • A greenish-blue color like that of the gemstone. • ...

8 Items: cat • dog • coat • wolf • sheep • cornflower • smokeswallow • lily-of-the-valley

10 Items: Not consuming the drug of choice during a specified period of time. • An attribute, behavior, or condition that is socially discrediting. • The use of punishment as a threat to deter people from committing offenses. • A state in which one is not intoxicated or affected by the use of alcohol or drugs. • ...

10 Items: A set of rules or steps followed to solve a problem or perform a task. • Software intended to damage or disable computers and computer systems. • A set of rules governing the format of data sent over a network or the internet. • The process of converting information into a code to prevent unauthorized access. • ...

10 Items: One of the "3 As" of rural marketing • This analysis helps organizations identify their internal positives and Negitives. • The additional satisfaction or benefit gained from consuming one more unit of a good or service. • A Japanese term meaning "continuous improvement," focusing on incremental, ongoing improvements in processes. • ...

19 Items: New • East • Rene • Texas • Tigua • Texas • Canada • Cortez • Marcos • Alvarez • Vasquez • European • Columbus • Coronado • Matagorda • Karankawa • Americans • Mississippi • Conquistador

19 Items: new • rule • cash • crops • crops • powers • global • western • culture • European • resisted • cultural • imperial • education • challenges • imperialist • traditional • nationalist • industrialized

18 Items: lead character of the story • the sequence of events in a story • character stays the same with no change • enemy or opposition of the main character • a struggle or central problem in the story • character vs. a fight against other people • person; told by the protagonist - I, me, my • character changes due to evens in the story • ...

18 Items: edgy • upset • angry • livid • scared • guilty • snappy • panicky • anxious • insomnia • confused • sweating • irritable • headaches • resentful • defeatist • frightened • runningaway

18 Items: jim • owen • hugo • alice • david • frank • comedy • puddles • village • tvseries • geraldine • chocolate • mrscropley • dawnfrench • easterbunny • vicarofdibley • christmaslunch • committeemeeting

30 Items: Ben • Fuji • Wall • Tower • Mahal • Tower • Güell • Louvre • Square • Picchu • Square • Palace • Khalifa • Al Arab • alhambra • Long Bay • Fountain • Mountain • colosseum • borobudur • of Liberty • de Triomphe • Opera House • the Redeemer • Wall of China • oeur Basilica • State Building • Dame Cathedral • Peters Basilica • Sagrada Familia

20 Items: Unique ice crystal • Santa's entry point • Sweet, spiced cookie • Snowman made of snow • Santa's sleigh-pullers • A festive, creamy drink • Circular holiday decoration • Red and green holiday plant • Decorative tree decorations • Red and white striped sweet • A plant for holiday smooches • Hung by the chimney with care • Festive evergreen centerpiece • Festive holiday song accessory • ...

28 Items: of • no • no • to • life • born • free • play • human • equal • right • rights • speech • dignity • respect • shelter • freedom • slavery • torture • privacy • security • education • universal • copyright • protection • declaration • nationality • responsibility

21 Items: love • books • roses • candy • cupid • drama • comic • library • overdue • fiction • history • fantasy • romance • platinum • valentines • non-fiction • information • tiwa-kitchen • graphic-novel • science-fiction • library-of-congress

21 Items: bed • sofa • desk • chair • table • futon • bench • vanity • dresser • ottoman • armoire • wardrobe • bookcase • recliner • sideboard • nightstand • shoe-closet • dining-table • coffee-table • rocking-chair • chest-of-drawers

12 Items: 1991: _____: The event that officially ended the Cold War era. • Chinese government violently suppresses pro-democracy demonstrations. • 1968: _____: Soviet-led invasion suppresses liberal reforms in Czechoslovakia. • 1961: _____ : East Germany creates a barrier to prevent defection to West Germany. • ...

28 Items: suffix meaning without • 3 letter prefix meaning middle • prefix that means too much or above • prefix meaning not; used in nonsense • suffix meaning made of; used in wooden • prefix meaning not; used in impossible • prefix meaning not; used in inattentive • prefix meaning not; used in uninterested • word part meaning water; used in hydrant • ...

18 Items: greyhound • otterhound • bloodhound • afghanhound • ibizanhound • bassethound • azawakhhound • pharaohhound • irishwolfhound • greekharehound • silkenwindhound • englishfoxhound • italiangreyhound • redbonecoonhound • bluetickcoonhound • scottishdeerhound • norwegianelkhound • blackandtancoonhound

18 Items: dna • time • darwin • fossils • melanin • evidence • mutation • evolution • geography • cladogram • analogous • vestigial • anatomical • embryology • homologous • adaptation • environment • commonancestor