to say this, you say the dhamma sound, rounding your lips and stretching it for two counts. The back of your tongue elevates to help direct the sound.

to say this, you simply say the fatha sound, stretching it for two counts

to say this, you say the kasra, lowering the middle of your tongue and stretching the sound for two counts.

only a letter of madd

to find the makhraj of this kind of letter, we put a sukoon over it (meaning it has no vowel sound) and it should be preceded by a vowelized letter called hamzatul wasl ( ٱ)

the empty space in the mouth and the throat

letter articulation points