1.
The tendency to judge, evaluate, or interpret human behavior through the lens of one’s own culture, often assuming that one's native cultural norms are universal standards.This leads to invalid conclusions about people from different cultural backgrounds.
2.
A specific form of cultural bias where an individual views their own group or culture as superior and uses it as the standard to judge all other cultures. Behaviors that deviate from this "norm" are often pathologized or labeled as abnormal or deficient.
3.
The assumption or goal that a psychological theory,concept,or finding applies to all human beings globally, regardless of culture. In psychology, claims of universality are frequently flawed because research has historically been dominated by Western, Edu
4.
A methodological flaw where researchers take findings derived from a specific, narrow cultural group (e.g., Western college students) and mistakenly apply or generalize those conclusions to the entire human population.
5.
(in a cultural context) Minimizing, ignoring, or downplaying real, meaningful differences between cultural groups. This typically occurs when a research study assumes that a psychological process functions identically across all cultures, erasing unique c
6.
Investigating a culture from the inside using local researchers, indigenous meanings, and culturally specific criteria. It highlights how psychological phenomena differ across unique cultural settings, prioritizing high ecological and cultural validity.
7.
A major threat to research validity where a researcher takes tools, concepts, or theories developed in one culture (usually Western) and "drops" them directly onto another culture without adaptation, treating them as universally applicable.
8.
The principle that human behavior, values, and psychological conditions only truly make sense and can only be evaluated within their specific cultural context. It acts as an antidote to ethnocentrism by insisting that no single culture is the baseline sta
9.
Research designs, theoretical models, and methodologies built by and for a specific indigenous culture (e.g., Te Ao Māori frameworks such as Hui, Te Whare Tapa Whā). They ensure cultural safety, sovereignty, and authentic interpretation of local experienc
10.
Studies that compare psychological variables across two or more distinct cultural groups to identify similarities (universals) and differences, helping psychology move away from culture-bound assumptions.
11.
Unexamined, implicit beliefs held by researchers (such as assuming individualism is the default human state) that silently dictate how studies are designed, what variables are measured, and how data is interpreted.
12.
Systematic inclinations or recurring patterns in psychological research and clinical practice—such as the tendency to over-diagnose minority groups with mental illnesses due to a lack of cultural competence.
13.
Arriving at false conclusions because behavior was viewed through an inappropriate cultural framework (e.g., misinterpreting collectivistic interdependence as pathology or enmeshment).
14.
The extent to which a psychological test or study actually measures what it claims to measure. Culturally biased tools lack validity when applied outside their culture of origin because they measure cultural unfamiliarity rather than true psychological tr
15.
The consistency and dependability of a research measure. A test is culturally unreliable if it yields erratic or skewed results when administered to individuals from diverse backgrounds due to language barriers, unfamiliar testing formats, or irrelevant c
16.
The study and classification of mental disorders. Cultural bias heavily distorts psychopathology when Western diagnostic manuals (like the DSM) are used globally without accounting for culture-bound syndromes or culturally specific expressions of distress
17.
Behaviors, emotional expressions, or coping mechanisms that are considered typical, healthy, and expected within a specific cultural community, even if they appear unusual to outside observers.
