1.
Molecule made up of a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base bonded to a 5-carbon sugar.
2.
Acid A molecule made up of nucleotides linked to form a chain or strand.
3.
bonds Covalent bonds between the phosphate group on the 5’ carbon of one nucleotide and the -OH group on the 3’ carbon of a second nucleotide.
4.
base pairing Hydrogen bonding between A-T or A-U and G-C pairs in a nucleic acid.
5.
Structure Sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid, read 5’ to 3’.
6.
Structure Formation of a double helix (DNA) or stem-and-loop structure (RNA)
7.
backbone Spine of DNA where nucleic acid connects.
8.
strands Strands of DNA or RNA that align in opposite 5’ to 3’ orientation
9.
Subunit molecule that can be linked to another via a covalent bond to form a larger molecule.
10.
Large molecule made up of strings of covalently bonded monomers.
11.
The ability to conduct metabolism and reproduce.
12.
Chemical reactions and other processes that enable organisms to take in resources and processes and mix them in ways that make growth and reproduction possible.
14.
Smallest unit of life.
15.
membrane protein A protein found on the inner or outer surface of a cell membrane.
16.
protein A protein that spans the lipid bilayer.
17.
energy Energy in motion.
18.
Movement of ions or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
19.
Tendency of systems to reach a state of higher disorder or randomness.
20.
Movement of water across a cell membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high concentration.
21.
gradient A difference in a substance’s concentration in space- usually across a cell membrane
22.
energy Energy of position
24.
diffusion Diffusion of substances across cell membranes through integral membrane proteins
25.
transport Movement of ions or molecules that does not require an input of energy. Occurs down a gradient and is spontaneous because it increases entropy.
26.
transport Movement of ions or molecules that requires an input of energy. Occurs against a gradient and is nonspontaneous. EX: makes the inside of a cell more organized than the outside.
27.
Integral membrane protein that offers a tunnel for a specific ion to cross the lipid bilayer passively via diffusion.
28.
Integral membrane protein that transports a specific molecule across the lipid bilayer passively by changing shape once the molecule binds to it.
29.
Integral membrane protein that transports specific ions or molecules across the lipid bilayer actively against the gradient using ATP.
30.
voltage Electrical potential created by a separation of charge across a membrane. AKA transmembrane potential or membrane potential.
