1.
The most common form of the plague, characterized by painful swellings called buboes.
2.
The plague form that attacked the lungs and spread through coughing and sneezing.
3.
The deadliest plague form, which infected the bloodstream and caused internal bleeding.
4.
Religious zealots who publicly whipped themselves to seek divine mercy during the Black Death.
5.
The powerful English weapon that ended the military dominance of mounted feudal knights.
6.
The peasant heroine who rallied French forces at Orléans and inspired French national identity.
7.
A written document granting a town self-governance and legal rights separate from feudal lords.
8.
An organization of merchants or artisans that set prices, wages, and quality standards.
9.
The gold coin of Florence that served as a standard currency across European trade.
10.
The prominent banking family that ruled Florence and financed Renaissance art and civic life.
11.
The elected governing council of guild members that oversaw Florence's state affairs.
12.
The northern Italian city-state known for its wool industry, banking power, and Renaissance art.
13.
Meaning "rebirth," the era of artistic, literary, and cultural resurgence in Europe.
14.
An intellectual movement centered on human potential, civic achievement, and classical studies.
15.
The early humanist scholar who gathered ancient Latin manuscripts and mimicked classical authors.
16.
The Roman educator whose translated treatise inspired the Renaissance ideal of well-rounded civic education.
17.
The everyday native language spoken by local citizens, which Renaissance authors increasingly used in their writings.
18.
An artistic technique using a vanishing point to create an illusion of three-dimensional depth on a flat surface.
19.
Florence's grand Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, famous for its revolutionary dome.
20.
The architect who solved the engineering challenge of constructing the Duomo's self-supporting dome.
21.
The early Renaissance sculptor who crafted the youthfully introspective bronze statue of David.
22.
The artist who sculpted the muscular marble David and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
23.
The polymath who painted the Mona Lisa and filled notebooks with visionary technical inventions.
24.
The Italian writer who authored The Divine Comedy, describing a journey through the afterlife.
