1.
the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
2.
a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
3.
an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
4.
the self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.
5.
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within every cell of a living organism to sustain life.
6.
specialized,membrane-bound, or distinct structures within a cell that perform specific functions, acting as "little organs" to support life processes.
7.
an organism that produces its own food by converting inorganic materials from sunlight or chemical reactions.
8.
an organism that cannot produce its own food and must obtain energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms
9.
a biological catalyst—usually a specialized protein—that accelerates specific chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed or permanently altered in the process
10.
the biochemical process by which green plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy, producing glucose (sugar) and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water
11.
Respiration the metabolic process in which cells break down nutrients (like glucose) using oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), releasing carbon dioxide and water as waste.
12.
organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as the primary energy source for the body.
13.
is the hereditary material in humans and almost all living organisms.
14.
a fundamental process of cell division where a single eukaryotic cell (the parent) divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells
15.
a specialized form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four genetically unique haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells) from a single diploid parent cell.
16.
the specific genetic makeup or constitution of an organism, representing the precise set of genes and alleles it carries.
17.
the set of observable characteristics, traits, or physical properties of an organism
18.
the process or result of changing to better suit new conditions or environments, enhancing an organism's survival or an entity's functionality.
19.
Selection the fundamental mechanism of evolution where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass advantageous genetic traits to offspring.
20.
the incredible variety of all living things on Earth—including plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans—and the complex ecosystems they form.
21.
renewable organic material derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms, acting as a stored energy source originally from the sun.
22.
an entity—person, company, or organism—that creates, manufactures, or grows goods, services, or organic matter.
23.
an individual or group that purchases or uses goods, products, or services primarily for personal, family, or household needs, rather than for resale or business production
24.
a functional, geographic unit consisting of all living organisms (biotic factors) interacting with each other and their non-living physical environment (abiotic factors).
25.
membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells
26.
essential molecular machines found within all living cells—prokaryotic and eukaryotic—that function as the primary sites of protein synthesis.
27.
the central, most important part of an object, acting as a core around which others are grouped.
28.
membrane a thin, dynamic, and semipermeable layer that surrounds every living cell.
29.
the gelatinous, jelly-like substance that fills the inside of a cell, enclosed by the cell membrane
30.
a membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of plant, fungal, and some animal and bacterial cells, acting as a storage vesicle or "small cavity"
31.
primary energy carrier molecule in all living cells, often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" for intracellular energy transfer
32.
simple sugar (monosaccharide) with the chemical formula \(C_6H_{12}O_6\) that serves as the primary source of energy for the body’s cells, tissues, and brain.
33.
the net, passive movement of particles—atoms, ions, or molecules—from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
34.
an essential nucleic acid present in all living cells that carries out instructions from DNA to produce proteins and regulates cellular activities.
35.
the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, composed of specific DNA sequences located on chromosomes.
36.
a thread-like structure located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells, made of protein and a single molecule of DNA.
37.
a permanent, heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism
38.
a mature sexual reproductive cell—specifically a sperm (male) or egg/ovum (female)—that contains a single, haploid set of chromosomes
39.
the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations
40.
any microorganism, agent, or germ—such as a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite—that causes disease in its host (human, animal, or plant).
