1.
The basic building block and functional unit of all known living organisms. (C, 4 letters)
2.
The control center of a eukaryotic cell; it contains the cell's genetic material (DNA). (N, 7)
3.
A rigid outer layer that surrounds the cell membrane in plants, fungi, and bacteria, providing structure and protection. (C.W., 4,4)
4.
Thread-like structures, found in the nucleus, made of DNA tightly coiled around proteins that carry the genetic information (genes). (C, 11)
5.
The process of cell division that results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the original parent cell, used for growth and repair. (M, 7)
6.
A small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria and some other cells, separate from the main chromosome, often used in genetic engineering. (P, 7)
7.
Biological catalysts (usually proteins) that speed up specific chemical reactions in living cells without being consumed themselves. (E, 7)
8.
The specific region on an enzyme where a substrate molecule binds and where the chemical reaction is catalyzed. (A.S., 6,4)
9.
The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology to introduce new traits or modify existing ones. (G.E., 7, 11)
10.
A type of genetic engineering where transgenic animals or plants are created and used to produce pharmaceuticals (medicines or therapeutic proteins). (P,8)
11.
A type of anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) that breaks down sugars to release energy, typically producing products like alcohol or lactic acid. (F, 12)
12.
The process by which living organisms break down glucose (sugar) to release energy (ATP) for cellular functions. It can be aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen). (R, 11)
